Emergency Products

Special products for use during disasters can be freely purchased in stores. Some retail establishments even have entire departments with such products. Long-term storage products for natural disasters are popular, including bottled water and various types of food such as dry galettes kampan, canned bread, and foods in heated packages. There are also roll-up and inflatable beds, heat-reflective “space blankets” to keep you warm, and toiletries that can be used when there is no running water.

Falling furniture is a major cause of death and injury during an earthquake, and various fixings are sold with which furniture can be rigidly secured – double-sided sticky pads that hold televisions on stands, brackets and straps that keep cabinets from tipping over. To avoid injury, helmets and hats are also used to protect against falling small debris – shingles, broken glass, etc. – during evacuation.

There are also commercially available radios with a built-in flashlight that can be recharged by turning the handle. Some can also be used to recharge a cell phone, although it will take quite a long effort to add at least a few percent to the battery charge. Another product of this type is a saltwater LED flashlight, which can run for eight hours before needing a water change.

Practical tips

In September 2015, the Metropolitan Administration began distributing a new emergency manual. Its stylish design drew media attention because of its contrast to the serious but functional approach to creating such manuals common in local administrations. It features descriptions of disasters in the words of people who have personally experienced them, lively manga-style illustrations depicting a possible earthquake in Tokyo, and the mascot of the bonsai manual is a rhino, sai in Japanese, which is pronounced the same as the Japaneseized Chinese reading of the character sai, “disaster.”

The most important feature of the manual is its practicality. For example, instead of buying special products for bonsai, residents are encouraged to buy everyday products with supplies to have a permanent surplus just in case. By encouraging people to simply fill their grocery shelves, the city administration aims to show that preparing for disasters is not that difficult, and to make it part of everyday life. For example, even while playing at an online casino, a box sometimes pops up with tips and reminders of what to do in case of a disaster.

Similarly, the guide gives practical advice on how you can use common household items to replace those that you did not have on hand. Newspapers can be used as insulation under clothing, a splint can be applied to bone fractures and secured with plastic wrap, and plastic bottles can be used to make cups and plates. Management also suggests putting plastic bags over shoes and tying planks to the soles to help keep your feet from getting hurt walking on broken glass, for example.

The bonsai park initiative, also described by management, illustrates how disaster preparedness fits into the city’s infrastructure. These specialized parks have sewer manholes over which simple toilets and tents can easily be installed, turning them into toilets. Benches can be turned into stoves by removing the seats. Parks also have solar-powered lighting and hand-operated water pumps in case the main supply lines get cut off.

Disaster preparedness is the key to survival

The Tokyo Bonsai Manual begins by explaining: there is a 70% chance of a major earthquake in Tokyo in the next 30 years. Such natural disasters are difficult to predict accurately in advance, but the devastating earthquakes of 1995 in Kobe and 2011 in the Tohoku region have spurred the Japanese to increase their bonsai awareness.

Of course, much depends on random factors and personal luck, but disaster preparedness can increase the chances of survival and mitigate the inconvenience of such disasters. The Tokyo guide lists things that disaster survivors find useful for survival:

Water, compact gas stoves, canisters, everyday medicine, toilets for emergency use, flashlights, batteries, radios (with manual recharging capability, etc.), plastic bags and wrapping material.

The manual can be read in English translation, and much of the information cited in it is quite applicable outside of Tokyo as well.

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It was only in the middle of the 20th century, in the wake of the war and the Japanese renunciation of the Kuril Islands, that the Japanese began to seriously study the phenomenon. Terrible tsunami happened in 1952: a huge wave fell on the whole coast of Kurils, the city of Severo-Kurilsk was completely washed away. According to various estimates, about five thousand people died.

Causes of tsunamis

The most common cause of tsunamis is underwater earthquakes. The movement of continents is related to the movement of magma: it causes the continents to collide. According to the main theory, the oceanic plates collide with the continental plates, and at the junction of the plates a source of problems is formed – subduction zones, when one plate sort of crawls under the other. At this junction the most terrible events take place.

This idea, the concept of spreading, appeared in the 1960s. Convection (internal heat exchange in which energy is transferred by jets and flows) occurs in the Earth’s mantle, causing the plates, especially in the oceanic basin, to shift dramatically.

In the Kuril Islands, for example, plates are currently shifting about six centimeters a year, and in some places as much as ten. The plates are compressed, forming elastic stresses that gradually build up. During an earthquake, the accumulated elastic energy is usually released (discharged). However, sometimes the stress can accumulate for tens or hundreds of years. Then a very large earthquake will occur.

Sources of tsunamis may also be submarine landslides resulting from seismic shocks and tremors, or sometimes of their own accord. One of the most famous such events occurred in 1929. A small earthquake occurred, which by itself could not have caused a tsunami, but caused the underwater slope to collapse. A torrent formed that swept several thousand kilometers from Newfoundland southward, severing the cables that connected Europe and America. The resulting tsunami wave was very powerful and caused great destruction – it was a landslide tsunami. They are not usually of a transoceanic nature, but rather local, and the destruction caused by them is on the scale of ten kilometers. The Newfoundland event is rather the exception.

The legend of the sinking of Atlantis

Volcanic activity is one of the causes of tsunamis in a number of cases. Volcano Santorini is a famous example. It exploded and caused a wave of tsunamis. This was determined by geological data. We call it a paleotsunami. We were able to find out that the waves were up to 200 meters, and according to some reports, 260 meters. This wave struck the coast of Crete and probably caused the death of the Minoan civilization. Some scientific research suggests that it was the Minoan eruption that may have been the basis for the legend of the death of Atlantis “in one day and a miserable night,” as told by Plato.

Expeditions to search for the paleotsunami are organized every year. But it is a difficult task: you have to know the area where to look. Promising areas to search are the marsh at the first 10-20 meters above sea level (otherwise the tsunami would simply not reach it). If the wave reached the marsh, it brought salt water and marine organisms with it. We excavate such pits, find these traces, analyze them, tie them together. Sometimes the events of antiquity are superimposed on the tsunamis of recent decades. It is interesting that the strongest splashes are found exactly in paleotsunamis – for example, traces of waves up to 300 meters were found in Hawaii, which happened several thousand years ago.

The most famous tsunamis and dangerous regions

In terms of tsunami intensity, the most dangerous regions are the Japanese Islands, Indonesia, Chile, the Aleutian Islands, and Alaska. In general, the Pacific region is the most dangerous, and tsunamis occur much more frequently there. But one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded occurred in the Indian Ocean in 2004.

The tragedy occurred because many in the region had not seen serious seismic activity. There is a hypothesis of “seismic gaps”, according to which if there are no strong earthquakes in the area for a long time, tens or hundreds of years, very strong elastic stresses accumulate there. That’s exactly what happened in the Andaman Islands area. Seismologists knew that this area was seismically active, but for about 150 years there were no earthquakes. The event that occurred in December 2004 was very powerful – the magnitude, according to various estimates, is from 9.1 to 9.3 points. About 300 thousand people died, and it was because nobody expected it. There were no warning systems, people were totally unprepared.

Within the framework of this terrible event, the story of Simalur Island is noteworthy. It was just south of the Indonesian city of Banda Aceh, which was very much damaged and destroyed by the tsunami, i.e. it was actually in the epicenter. On many islands people were killed and villages close to the coast were almost all washed away. And it was on this island that the least number died – seven people. In fact, they simply refused to evacuate. It was on this island that people kept the legends, passed down from generation to generation, that after major earthquakes you have to go into the mountains, which they did. And the seven who refused to do so died.

One of the largest tsunamis occurred on November 5, 1952 in the Kuril Islands. The city of Severo-Kurilsk and many settlements on the coast of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands were completely destroyed. Remarkably, there was no mention of the event in Soviet newspapers at the time. According to available information, about 40 minutes after the first tremor two tsunami waves came to North Kurilsk. The first was not very high, flooding only the low-lying houses, while the second was 10 meters high and caused the major disasters. The radio station broadcast an SOS, but it was pretty inconsequential, and Petropavlovsk could not understand what was going on.

The most important thing in case of a tsunami is to know what to do. In many cases it is possible to escape, although, of course, there are areas and situations where it is difficult to do so. Unfortunately, in the Indian tsunami, many tourists died just because of lack of knowledge. But there is a famous example of ten-year-old English schoolgirl Tilly Smith, who was vacationing with her parents in Indonesia during the events of 2004. Shortly before, she and her classmates had been told about the tsunami during a geography lesson at school, and while on vacation she was able to recognize its signs and warn her parents and those who were with them on the beach about the impending disaster. Thus, thanks to her, more than a hundred people were saved.

Several other major marine earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis are known to have occurred. In the middle of XVIII century, in 1755, a large tsunami struck the coast of Portugal and Morocco, Lisbon was heavily damaged, about 100 thousand people died. The Japanese islands were regularly affected by earthquakes and tsunamis throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A particularly strong event occurred not long ago, in 2011 – it is also called the “Great East Japan Earthquake”. It is the largest earthquake in Japan, with a magnitude of 9.1.

Tsunami forecast

Tsunami forecasts are long-term and short-term. Long-term forecast implies a risk assessment. That is, for example, the possibility of a tsunami in the Baltic is very low, though not zero. But you can easily build buildings on the shore, swim there and there is no need for a special tsunami service. On the coast of Northern Sakhalin, the probability of a tsunami is also quite low. But on the Kuril Islands, on South Sakhalin and in the area of the Sea of Japan, the risk level is much higher. This is called a long-term forecast: the probable height of the tsunami wave and its recurrence rate are evaluated. The notion of “repeatability” implies that, for example, a tsunami with a height of 3 meters will occur in the area once every 10 years, and for a tsunami with a height of 20 meters the repeatability can be 100 years, these are complex and usually accurate forecasts, to calculate which there is a whole algorithm of actions, some people imagine that calculation of scientists looks approximately like playing online casino, but it is definitely not. The highest waves and the most frequent recurrence come from the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. Large tsunamis with significant heights occur there once every five years.

Another type of forecast is operational. That is, this is a forecast of an event that has actually already happened. An earthquake has happened, a tsunami has formed, but the coastal residents still have time, and we can assess the problem, make decisions about evacuating and taking ships to the open sea. In short, there are a lot of activities that depend on this forecast. When the tsunami service first appeared, such decisions were made only on the basis of earthquake strength: the magnitude was estimated with seismic instruments. If an earthquake is greater than magnitude 6, a tsunami can occur, although at magnitude 6 it is insignificant. For the Kuril Islands an alarming magnitude is 7 or 7.5. Such an earthquake can generate a serious tsunami. And, as mentioned above, this characteristic has long been the only basis for deciding to evacuate Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and the Kuril Islands.

However, not all earthquakes generate tsunamis. And people alarmed by evacuation notices usually don’t like running off into the hills at night, when the alarm eventually turned out to be false. Because of this, some began to refuse to evacuate, resulting in casualties among the coastal population, the fleet. It is very important to know for sure if there is going to be a tsunami or not.

Now science is very advanced in predicting tsunamis. There are modern ways of observing sea level, for example, American DART deep-water instruments, and Russian developments. Constant observations are being made. As soon as an earthquake happens, information is transmitted via satellite, assessing whether there is a wave or not.

As a rule, waves in the deep ocean are not very big, usually not over 10-20 cm. From this value, it is possible to calculate what kind of wave will be on shore. In the modern world, the system works this way; it should give a forecast of the tsunami wave for different particular cases. But small errors do occur. In the case of our Far East, we are saved by the fact that population density is low, so there are few victims. The last earthquake in the populated area of the Southern Kuril Islands was in 1994. Then nobody died, but considerable damage was done: several fishing boats were thrown ashore, coastal structures were flooded, one of the houses was carried away up the river bed.

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We will also discuss what to do when you return home after a tsunami. So if you want to be as prepared as possible for a tsunami, read on.

What Is a Tsunami and What Causes Them?

Tsunamis are one of the most devastating natural disasters that can occur. They are massive waves generated by underwater earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions.

Tsunamis can travel up to 600 miles per hour and reach heights of 100 feet or more. When a tsunami hits land, it can cause extensive damage to coastal areas.

How to Spot a Tsunami Before It Hits

There are usually warning signs that a tsunami is about to hit. These can include

• Water receding: This is one of the most common signs that a tsunami is about to hit. If you see the water is moving far from the shore, it indicates that a tsunami is on its way.
• A sudden rise or drop in water level: A tsunami can also be indicated by a sudden rise or drop in water level. This is caused by the waves displacing the water.
• Turbulence: Another sign of a tsunami is turbulence in the water. This can be seen as swirls or bubbles in the water.
• Strange noise coming from the ocean: A tsunami can also cause a strange noise to come from the ocean. This is caused by the waves crashing against the shore.
• Earthquake: An earthquake can also signify that a tsunami is about to hit. This is because an earthquake can cause a sudden displacement of water, which can create a tsunami.
• Animal behavior: Another sign that a tsunami is about to hit is unusual animal behavior. This is because animals can sense the waves and often try to flee to higher ground.
• Check news and information websites: If you are in a tsunami-prone area, it is important to check websites for updates on the situation. For example, asiantsunamivideos has partnered with casinoudendansklicens.org to help spread awareness about tsunamis and other disasters. This is the best way to stay informed about potential dangers and how to stay safe.

What to Do During a Tsunami Warning

If you are in a tsunami-prone area and a tsunami warning is issued, evacuate immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for the wave to hit. Seek shelter inland and in high solid buildings as quickly as possible. Once you are safe, stay informed and listen for updates from officials.

Local officials will often issue a warning when a tsunami is about to hit. If you are in a high-rise building, go to the upper floors or roof. Do not return to low-lying areas until the all-clear has been given.

How to Stay Safe After a Tsunami Has Hit

• Escape to open areas with low or few buildings: Buildings can collapse during a tsunami. The risk of being hit by debris is also high in areas with lots of buildings.
• Do not return to low-lying areas until local officials have given the all-clear. This is because there may be another tsunami, or waves can continue to hit the area.
• Do not handle electric appliances: There is a risk of electrocution if you come into contact with exposed electric gadgets.
• Beware of aftershocks: After an initial earthquake, aftershocks can often occur. These can sometimes be just as strong as the initial quake and can cause additional damage to buildings.
• Be aware of the risk of secondary disasters, such as fires and landslides. These can often happen after a tsunami.
• Watch out for debris in the water. This can be anything from buildings to trees. These can be dangerous and can cause injuries.
• Boil any water you intend to drink. This is because tsunami water can often be contaminated with bacteria or other hazards.
• Move to deep water: If you’re out at sea, try moving to water at least 45 meters deep. This will help to protect you from the waves.
• Wait for help: Once you are in a safe location, stay there and wait for help to arrive. Do not try to swim or drive away from the tsunami.

Tsunami Survival Tips for Pets and Livestock

Pets and livestock are often just as vulnerable as people during a tsunami. Here are some tips to help them stay safe:

• If you have time, bring your pets and livestock with you when you evacuate. If not, secure them in a safe location away from low-lying areas.
• Make sure they have access to food and water.
• Ensure they have proper identification in case you get separated.
• Make sure they are vaccinated and up to date on all their shots. This will help protect them from diseases if they end up in a shelter.

The Aftermath of a Tsunami – What to Do When You Return Home

If you have been evacuated due to a tsunami, there are certain things you should do when you return home.

• First, it is important to check for damage to your property. If there is any damage, take pictures and document it. This will be helpful if you need to file an insurance claim.
• Second, check for gas leaks and water damage. If there are any, shut off the gas and water. 
• Third, check your food and supplies. Throw away any food that floodwaters have contaminated. 
• Finally, ensure your home is clean and debris-free before you return.

Conclusion

Tsunamis are one of the most devastating natural disasters that can occur. But by being prepared and knowing what to do, you can increase your chances of survival.

We hope these tips have been helpful and you never have to use them. But if a tsunami does hit, now you know what to do. Stay safe.

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The term tsunami applies only to destructive ocean waves resulting from sudden disturbances in the sea. This usually results from an earthquake or violent disturbance in the seabed or atmosphere, as might occur after a nuclear explosion. This post will share the effects of tsunamis. Read on!

Positive Effects Of Tsunamis

Tsunamis have a wide range of positive effects. Many of the effects are not well known or understood. Here are some positive effects of tsunamis.

1. They Cleanse The Ocean

A massive tsunami can cleanse an entire ocean of any harmful materials it finds, such as plastic and oil spills. In some cases, this can create a more habitable environment for marine life by removing garbage and other pollutants from the ocean floor. This can also help restore some species of marine animals that may have been damaged by pollution or overfishing in the past.

2. They Create Landscapes

Tsunamis create unique landforms as they travel across the ocean. The waves leave behind a trail of sand, rocks, and debris seen from space. Tsunami waves also deposit sand on beaches, which may be visible from satellites, and even on other beaches when the tsunami washes over them. This process is called “tidal scouring,” creating distinctive coastal features such as crescent-shaped beaches.

3. Distribution Of Organic Matter

The water left behind by the tsunami can cause large amounts of decomposition and nutrient release, which can positively impact the ocean’s ecosystem. The nutrients released from dying organisms in the water will help other marine life grow stronger and more resilient to future events like tsunamis.

4. Create New Habitats

After an earthquake or tsunami, the ocean currents are disrupted by the event, which causes the water temperature to rise significantly. This causes an abundance of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to be released into the water column. These nutrients then attract fish called planktonic organisms because they swim freely in the water column having no fixed attachment points on their bodies. 

Therefore, when a tsunami hits an area, there will be an increase in planktonic organisms.  These organisms can feed off these nutrients and reproduce themselves, providing a food source for fish which will then return after being washed away by another tsunami or earthquake.

Negative Effects Of Tsunamis

The devastating effects of tsunamis can be felt all around the world. There are adverse effects that are experienced by people and animals when a tsunami hits.

1. Damaged Ecosystems

The first effect of a tsunami is that it destroys the ecosystem in a particular area. These include marine ecosystems or terrestrial environments like forests, jungles, or Mountains. The event will affect the plants and animals living in such places as they cannot adapt to this new environment. For example, if there is an earthquake in the middle of nowhere, it will affect the ocean floor, affecting the animals living on it. The same thing happens when there is an earthquake on land, too, because the earth shakes up and down, making it hard for plants and animal life to adjust to this new situation.

2. Economic Losses

The economic losses caused by a tsunami are significant because they affect the economy ‌such as loss of life, destruction of property, damage to infrastructure, and more. The cost of reconstruction is also high since many buildings were damaged during the event. This means that the government had spent more money than initially expected when they started building new structures after an earthquake at sea level.

3. Social Disruptions And Loss Of Lives

Tsunamis can cause social disruptions and loss of lives. Tsunami waves can destroy buildings, bridges, roads, and ports and cause other infrastructure to collapse. This can lead to loss of lives due to injuries or drowning in water after the tsunami waves hit you directly or suddenly hit you from behind your house because the bridge connecting your house with another house has collapsed due to the tsunami waves.

4. Damage Infrastructure

Tsunamis can cause damage to infrastructures such as bridges and roads, power lines and utilities, airports, ports and harbors, communications systems, and other facilities. The damage depends on the location of the tsunami source, the type of structure affected, and its location on the shoreline. Damage may be severe enough to cause complete or partial collapse of buildings or other structures. For example, a major earthquake offshore from Japan caused extensive damage to buildings in Tokyo, resulting in loss of life and injury.

5. Disruption In Communication Networks

Tsunamis often disrupt communication systems because they depend on electricity or other power sources, which are vulnerable to flooding. In addition, communication systems may be temporarily out of service due to failure or damage to the equipment caused by earthquakes or tsunamis. This can lead to confusion among emergency responders who are trying desperately to find out what is happening with their loved ones while they struggle with communication.

6. Damage To Transportation Systems.

The most obvious effect of a tsunami is the destruction of cities, towns, and ports along its path. The interruption of road and rail traffic can lead to shortages in food supplies and damage to industrial facilities that produce goods for the local economy.

7. Destruction Of Fisheries.

Fishing boats are often washed ashore by tsunamis; their crews may be killed or injured, and their catch damaged or destroyed before it can be salvaged. This is particularly true if an earthquake causes a tsunami in an area with a strong fishing industry (such as Japan).

Wrap Up

Tsunamis are among the most devastating natural disasters that can strike a community. They may be triggered by earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions from far off in the ocean. Tsunamis bring water, mud, and debris for miles on end. It has both positive and negative effects on the ocean and towns near the ocean. 

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They’re caused by earthquakes and sea waves, which can cause massive damage. But can tsunamis be predicted? And what are some warning signs to look out for? We’ve got answers.

Yes, with some degree of accuracy. It’s not easy to predict tsunamis because they occur when a large amount of water is rapidly moved from one part of the ocean to another—and the earth’s crust is constantly in motion. So, predicting when one will happen isn’t something scientists can do yet, but they are working on it!

While tsunamis are not predictable, many warning signs can alert you to their presence. For example, a rumbling sound in the distance could be a precursor to an approaching tsunami. Also, if you see debris floating in the water or on land, this is another sign that a tsunami could strike your area soon. In addition to these signs, there are places where tsunamis do not occur—for example, deep underwater volcanoes where no waves can travel through them (although some have been known to cause landslides).

How Japan Has Tsunami-Proofed Its Territory

The recent disaster in Japan has shown us that tsunamis can be a devastating force of nature. However, there are ways to prepare for one’s arrival.

Japan is currently using technology to detect and prepare for an incoming tsunami. This includes using the internet to gather information about its location and size and using satellites to provide more accurate predictions of when one might occur.

But it’s not all bad news: scientists have been working to develop technologies that can help countries detect tsunamis before they strike and get ready to respond.

The technology works by creating a network of sensors that detect signs of an earthquake and send alerts to computers onshore or offshore, where they are analyzed by experts who can determine when and where a tsunami might occur.

With this information, authorities can prepare for the worst-case scenario by evacuating buildings or closing bridges. Some countries already have these systems up and running; others are just beginning their implementation.

What Are the Challenges?

The recent happenings have seen countries spend more on sophisticated international detection and warning systems. Scientists and disaster preparedness units can then spread such information through social media and mainstream media channels, including television and radio stations.

The challenge, however, is that in the Japanese Tsunami, the earthquake happens very close to the coast. The predicament only gives the authorities roughly up to ten minutes to warn the citizens and conduct evacuation protocols.

As a result, these countries, specifically Japan, have resorted to other methods to ensure that their citizens get timely information and know what to do with the data.

These methods include incorporating tsunami-related lessons in the school curriculum and putting up constant adverts on broadcast channels like radio and print media. The information here varies from the warning signs to the quickest escape routes to higher, safer grounds in cases of emergencies.

Evacuation

Japan has several highly populated towns along its coasts, which are not easy to evacuate on short notice. So, in the event of tsunamis, the authorities may need to direct the masses to the highest floors of the nearest building structures.

The Japanese government has prepared for this by testing all the vertical structures to determine which ones can accommodate people beyond the average height of a tsunami. On the same note, sensitive structures like nuclear structures are located far away from the shores and are designed to switch to safe mode when earthquakes are detected.

What Other Countries Are Doing

Besides Japan, several other countries, including the USA, Chile, and India, have experienced the devastating effect of the Tsunami. As such, they have put up structures and protocols, if not to tsunami-proof, at least to cushion themselves from the impact. Here is a sneak pick into what the most affected countries in the past decade are doing.

The United States

One area the US is scoring high is using stakeholders like the Red Cross to sensitize and prepare its masses for the impending risks of a Tsunami. Such organizations supplement government efforts by educating people on disaster preparedness and supporting casualties in cases of unfortunate events.

The country has a functional National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC) and PTWS (established following the 1946 Aleutian Island earthquake and Tsunami). The United States has embraced technology to deal with this problem, including mobile apps to alert its people.

Chile

This American Nation has also been a casualty of tsunamis in the past. It has an advanced earthquake and tsunami warning system that uses Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) networks.

The TWS system assesses tsunami threats in under eight minutes. It gives data that the Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile (SHOA) uses to communicate Tsunami early warning signs to the citizens through various media channels. Depending on their evaluation of the dangers, the authorities may choose to evacuate its people or have them stay put but alerted.

Australia

Australia is surrounded by the sea, a factor that increases its vulnerability to earthquakes and tsunamis. As such, the Australian Tsunami Warning System constantly collaborates with stakeholders like the Department of Home Affairs, Geoscience Australia (GA), and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) to assess every possible threat.

The GA explicitly operates seismic stations countrywide and has access to data from global monitoring networks. It then uses its analysis to advise the BOM of the details, including the magnitude, characteristics, and location of seismic with the potential to produce a tsunami. Depending on this, the BOM collaborates with Home Affairs to spread the information to the Australian public.

Bottom Line

It is possible to design a tsunami prevention system. But it is difficult to say much more than this because of the uncertainty about the behavior of the Tsunami. We need more information. For example, we need to know how deep the fault is under an earthquake area, how close the fault is to the surface, and so on before we can design a prevention system.

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History of Tsunamis

Even though most popular tsunamis are from 20^th and 21^st centuries, some tsunami events can be traced to 4000B.C in China. However, the first recorded tsunamis were in the Mediterranean on the Syrian coast in 2000 B.C. In addition, more than 20 tsunamis were recorded in the B.C era, especially on the Mediterranean coast.

This is mostly because several people have lived in that part of the world since immemorial. In addition, there are few records of other tsunami-affected areas that we know. A good example is Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. Its tsunami records are new, dating to 1813. Also, tsunami records in Alaska start from 1788, while in the USA, few records exist.

Positive Results of Tsunamis

Tsunamis provide some positive results, as absurd as that may sound. For example, some effects played a significant part in maritime history, such as hazards caused by most world tsunamis, especially in the Pacific Ring of Fire. These positive effects range from connecting distant countries to providing food for big mammals to shorebirds. These advantages include:

Distribution of Organic Matter

One of the actual positive results of tsunamis is the distribution of nutrients. Tsunamis waves can raise organic sediments in deltas and estuaries and move them to land. By doing this, tsunamis can spread nutrients ideal for agriculture, increasing soil fertility.

In addition, when giant waves approach the inland, they spread water inland. In other cases, they can rejuvenate dried-out marine plants like marshes and mangroves. As a result, tsunamis can help restore ruined ecosystems and habitats.

Finally, tsunamis assist in redistributing animal species and nutrients. A great example is how tsunamis increased nutrients in the Bay of Bengal up to three times. At the same time, tsunamis propagate small animals from one area to another.

Create New Habitats

Another positive effect of tsunamis is that they can create new habitats. With nutrient-rich sediments distributed on islands, plants grow fast. As time passes, jungles develop, and animals can find new homes. In addition, it is evident that tsunamis create new habitats and increase the diversity of some species.

A great example is Japan’s tidal marsh sedges, which are almost extinct. However, after the 2011 tsunami, the tidal marshes’ sedges regrew. In addition, the species diversity increased, and researchers argue that the tsunami moved seeds and buried them on the island’s surface.

They Create Landscapes

Another positive impact of tsunamis is that they recreate landscapes. Each time a giant tsunami wave crashes on the shore, it produces a dramatic feature in the beach’s landscape. They can do this by depositing significant amounts of materials on the land. They can also create landscapes by washing away chunks of sand and rocks. As tsunamis deposit these materials on the ground, they generate dump deposits, boulder stacks, ridges, and sand laminae.

At the same time, waves can clear coastal forests and leave potholes or impact marks. This forms ramps, sea caves, truncated cliffs, and arcs.

Economic Opportunities

As more people live in the coastal regions, each time a tsunami occurs, it recalls the need for tsunami-resistant infrastructure and structures. Engineering and architecture firms can provide tsunami resting materials like stilts or other innovative ideas.

Research Opportunities

Tsunami events provide insightful research opportunities to understand the hazard and increase resilience. Thanks to past tsunami events, we now appreciate topics like coastal morphology, island stability, and ecological succession. For instance, low-lying islands are more vulnerable to tsunamis yet more resilient to hazards.

Negative Effects of Tsunamis

The negative effects of tsunamis can be primary or secondary. The primary outcomes are the tsunami results as soon as they hit land and reel back to the ocean. On the other hand, secondary effects occur hours, days, and weeks after the Tsunami event. Here are the disadvantages;

Damage Infrastructure

Since tsunamis clear anything they find on the path, the impact destroys buildings, homes, roads, and communication lines. They ultimately destroy the transport systems of the affected areas.

Social Disruptions and Loss of Lives

Tsunamis occur without warnings. By the time people observe signs of an impending tsunami, it is too late to avoid the effects. Tsunamis cause flooding, which causes death to people by drowning. Waves crash into inlands damaging roads, homes, and buildings, causing death instantly. In 2004, a tsunami in the Indian Ocean killed over 20,000 people in more than 15 countries.

Even though some people survive tsunamis, they can end up with chronic injuries. As buildings and roads collapse, people suffer severe injuries that can prolong lifetime disabilities. In addition, the trauma of the victims can be hard to deal with, especially among children.

Economic Losses

Tsunamis cause massive economic losses. As its giant waves sweep inland, they destroy agricultural, commercial, and residential facilities. Business sectors get affected, including transportation networks and human resources. In addition, tsunamis negatively affect agriculture through soil pollution and harvest destruction. In some cases, they spread diseases amongst livestock.

Damaged Ecosystems

When tsunamis travel from ocean to land, they harm oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems. As they return to the sea, they move and deposit terrestrial sediments on reefs that can turn into polyps and wither. Also, tsunamis can damage ecosystems and throw sediments into rivers and estuaries.

Conclusion

It is no doubt that tsunamis damage the environment. They destroy structures, and vehicles, harm human life and damage coastal systems. They also damage properties, cause loss of lives, and cause soil erosion. They also leave great economic failures, disease outbreaks, and social disruptions, not to mention the trauma to the survivors. Like any other thing, however, they have their advantage even though they outweigh their negative results. They redesign landscapes, increase tsunami research opportunities, redistribute nutrients and create new habitats. Click here, for our guide of the best bitcoin bookies in 2022.

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The word “tsunami” comes from the Japanese language and is formed from two hieroglyphs that mean wave. The tsunami wave can be caused by earthquakes or any other event associated with when an object falls into the ocean. It is estimated that 85% of what causes tsunamis are sea floor abnormalities in the ocean. This can happen in a variety of ways, from a sharp rise or fall that affects the entire water column.

It is difficult to predict the strength and behavior of a tsunami, but when you combine this difficulty with the amount of very small earthquakes or other seismic events that happen during the day, there are plenty of potentials for a tsunami. But fortunately most underwater earthquakes or other seismic events don’t create giant waves, which explains why they are so difficult to predict. Tidal waves and tidal water surges, called tsunamis, can be caused by different levels of earthquakes. Scientists believe a moderate earthquake may cause a tsunami with smaller waves and a small one may lead to large waves that are more destructive. Earthquakes happen when tectonic plates shift dramatically and can cause tsunamis. A horizontal movement is less likely to cause an earthquake due to the increased surface area of earth being struck.

As a result of the displacement of a huge mass of water, powerful waves diverge from the epicenter of the earthquake. In the open ocean, they have a small amplitude and high speed. However, when entering shallow water, their speed decreases and they become unstable. When waves enter shallow water their intensity increases as much as 100 times! The coast is the wall of a river valley, and it’s easily accessible to strong waves. The height of the waves can reach 40 m and they fill the low-lying coastline for many kilometers.

When there’s an underwater earthquake, the waves that come from it are part of a long-distance phenomenon. Sometimes their arrivals can take 30 minutes or longer to happen.

Recognizing the presence of a tsunami is very difficult, especially because they approach in tides. The most important thing to remember is that they are formed by intense unstoppable waves. Unfortunately, tsunamis can come on suddenly and without warning so people often have difficulty detecting them. However, there are some signs that are commonly associated with an impending tsunami.

The best sign that will be seen before a tsunami is an earthquake. Also, an earthquake can often precede a tsunami – water can recede for kilometers before the wave arrives. This tide lasts from minutes up to an hour. If you see come ice on the water, then cracks may appear on it, and waves may cause loud thunder-like sounds. Animals also react to the approach of a tsunami, which tend to take refuge on hills.

The sudden appearance of a tsunami warning is never a good thing and should be monitored closely. Even though the danger may be realized in hours, it gives victims one more chance to react and escape.

If a tsunami is approaching, please move as quickly as possible to a hill (about 30–40 meters above sea level) or move about 2-3 kilometers away from the coast. As a precaution, it is best to close the windows and doors of your building if there’s no reason to evacuate. However, it may not always be possible to go up or down. If that’s the case, then you should head straight for the most reliable building as soon as possible and do everything else you can do protect yourself. If you’re trapped by a flood, or inside of a building on fire, the safest place is usually near the walls or at least midway between them. Trees will provide more safety than most high-rises and should be grabbed as tightly as possible to keep you safe.

Once you make it out of the danger zone, you won’t find yourself caught up in the next one. It is also better to leave as soon as possible to avoid encountering bigger problems later on.

Tsunamis are a natural disaster, yet it’s possible to detect them early with the use of instruments. Animals can often feel the approach of a tsunami before humans do and careful monitoring of their behavior will help you take necessary precautions.

In areas with a higher risk of a tsunami, it is never a bad idea to think ahead and plan your actions in event that the coast is under threat. Discussing these possibilities with family members can help make sure you are all on the same page. There should also be a designated meeting place in case something happens. Keep your mobile devices charged and ready just to be safe. You should plan your retreat routes in detail understanding the terrain, finding out where bottlenecks and crowded places are, or rivers and bays. All the things that you will need during an evacuation should be prepared and available, no matter what. First of all, make sure to have documents, at least two days worth of clothing and food that does not degrade.

For coastal areas such as this, it’s important to participate in public events that shape the landscape and protect you from tsunamis. Anything you can do to help is a big step forward.

They are less likely to cause as much destruction and so a safe place to be is when they occur near water. One of the safest places is when you stand 5 meters away from the water. Buildings over it will keep you safe if these calamities happen nearby.

For many people, there are risks associated with using AI to write. However, it is worthwhile for those who take the time to research the technology and use it responsibly. This can help them avoid issues like damaging buildings; potentially leading to loss in property as well as human life. However, if the situation leaves no choice, then high capital buildings are the only chance to survive. They should close windows and doors on each floor and climb up to the highest floors. As the rules of conduct during earthquakes suggest, the safest areas in a building are closest to columns and other load-bearing walls. Other places are often dangerous to occupy due to the potential for structural damage.

Lessening the risks of natural disasters is one of the most important parts of understanding the science behind them. The first wave can often be avoided with minor preparation and vigilance, but subsequent waves require quick re-evaluation

If the wave overtakes you, you should hold on to something big (such as a tree or a building) so that you don’t get knocked over. You’ll also want to get your wet clothes and shoes off as soon as possible and find shelter in case of one more strong wave. It’s best to avoid sending waves of people into the dangerous areas because it wastes a lot of time and energy.

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Krakatoa volcano eruption

The tsunami caused by the eruption of Krakatoa Volcano in 1883 was truly monstrous. The name at the time was not that of an active volcano on Rakita Island, but of an island of a respectable size, located in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java.

The volcano on this island began erupting in May 1883. It lasted until the end of August, with successive violent eruptions of magma and gas from the bowels of the earth. Logically, over time, the intensity and strength of the emissions should have weakened. But in this case, events began to develop according to a different scenario.

The volcano became more and more heated, lapsing gradually into uncontrollable ecstasy. Finally, on the cloudy and gloomy morning of August 27 there was an explosion of terrible force. A huge column of ash shot through the air, reaching an astounding 30 kilometers into the air. After that, apparently having exhausted all its magmatic energy, the volcano collapsed. One could breathe easy, but it was the calm before the storm.

The thing is that under the volcano there was a void of huge volume and area, as all the bedrock was thrown into the atmosphere. Everything would have been fine, but this unfilled space was well below the level of the world’s oceans. Uncountable tons of water began to press upon the thin walls left unsupported. Compounding the problem was the island’s terrestrial solidity, which was now simply hanging in the air.

The climax came on the next August day. The walls of the volcano’s empty underground chamber could not withstand the terrible stresses. Cracks ran along the surface of the island: the stony rocks crumbled down. The sea water rushed with a roar into the openings, widening the opening.

In effect, an open wound was created in the earth’s crust. The red-hot magma deep below came into contact with the cold liquid medium. The result was a terrible explosion that sent a shock wave 300 kilometers away, breaking trees on islands, tearing down the roofs of houses, crippling animals and people. The rumble of the explosion was heard at a distance of 4,000 kilometers.

Even more frightening than the shockwave was the huge tsunami, which reached a height of 30 meters. It struck the shores of Indonesia with fury, and the coastline of Southeast Asia experienced its power. The killer wave reached the west coast of Australia, struck the shores of Ceylon and the east coast of the Indian subcontinent with a roar. Its echoes recognized the island of Madagascar and the entire east coast of Africa.

Because of the wave-killer killed 48 thousand people. Huge coastal areas were disfigured beyond recognition. Tens of thousands of people were left homeless. The tragedy of Krakatoa Island wrote another bloody page in the history of world disasters.

Killer Waves in the XX Century

The twentieth century tried to keep up with previous centuries in the number of tsunamis. In November 1952, an earthquake measuring 8.5 on the Richter scale occurred 150 kilometers off the coast of Kamchatka. The result was a disturbance of the aquatic environment. Giant waves up to 20 meters high swept the city of Severo-Kurilsk off the face of the earth. Nearby settlements were also destroyed. By the most conservative estimate 3,000 people died.

The entire second half of the twentieth century Alaska fought off the terrible waves. Altogether there were about ten tsunamis, but the major ones that caused loss of life and destruction numbered three. New Guinea also fell victim to the evil fate. In 1998, a huge wave caused the death of a thousand and a half people.

Killer waves in the 21st century

The beginning of the XXI century the waves-killers celebrated with all mankind. In truth they were 4 years late, but they made up for it with human losses. The tragedy took place at the end of December, 2004. As a result of the strongest earthquake (8,5 measuring on the Richter scale) there was a huge wave, which stroke the shores of Thailand, Sri-Lanka and Myanmar. The number of victims exceeded 200 thousand people.

In 2007 in the Solomon Islands to the east of New Guinea a huge wave reached 12 meters high and destroyed many residential buildings, causing great damage to the people. Forty-eight people met their deaths in this wave.

The terrible tragedies associated with tsunamis are likely to continue until the advances in science and technology come up with effective ways of dealing with them. It is clear that this is a matter of the distant future, nowadays only those who live in the depths of the continents can sleep peacefully, and on the coasts of the oceans do not appear at all or go there not more than once a year.

Taking into account that 85 per cent of the world’s population lives in the coastal areas of the oceans and seas, this problem is very acute for the whole mankind. In this situation we can only hope for concentration, attentiveness and mobility of people, as well as precise and debugged work of warning services.

By the way, in January 2005, when a powerful earthquake occurred in the dangerous vicinity of the Izu Islands (Japan), the alerted population managed to evacuate in time, not a single person was injured. What can I say – the Japanese are once again ahead of the rest of the world.

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The shale strength is measured taking into account its maximum height and how catastrophic consequences it has caused, and, according to the international IIDA scale, there are 15 categories, from -5 to +10 (the more victims, the higher the category).

According to the intensity

According to the intensity, the “killer waves” are divided into six points, which give a characteristic of the consequences of the disaster:

Waves with a category of one point are so small that they are recorded only by instruments (most people do not even guess about their presence).
Two-point waves can slightly flood the shore, so only specialists can distinguish them from the fluctuations of ordinary waves.

Waves, which are classified as three-point waves, have enough power to throw small boats onto the shore.

Four-point waves can not only nail large ships to the shore, but also throw them onto the coast.

Five-point waves are catastrophic. They can destroy low buildings, wooden constructions, and lead to human casualties.

As for the six-point waves, the coast is completely devastated by the waves along with the adjacent land.

According to the number of victims
According to the number of fatalities, there are five groups of this dangerous phenomenon. The first group includes situations when fatal outcomes were not recorded. To the second – waves that caused the deaths of up to fifty people. Waves belonging to the third category cause death of fifty to one hundred people. The fourth category is the “killer waves”, which killed from one hundred to one thousand people.

The consequences of tsunamis belonging to the fifth category are catastrophic, as they entail the death of more than one thousand people. Usually such disasters are characteristic of the waters of the deepest ocean in the world, the Pacific Ocean, but they often occur in other parts of the planet as well. This applies to disasters near Indonesia in 2004 and in Japan in 2011 (25 thousand deaths). There were recorded “killer waves” in the history and in the territory of Europe, for example, in the middle of the XVIII century, a thirty-meter wave fell on the coast of Portugal (during the disaster 30 to 60 thousand people died).

Economic damage

As for economic damage, it is measured in American dollars and calculated by taking into account the costs to be allocated to rebuild the destroyed infrastructure (lost property and destroyed homes are not taken into account, because they belong to the social costs of the country).

According to the size of the losses, economists distinguish five groups. To the first category belong the waves which didn’t cause much damage, to the second – with losses up to 1 million dollars, to the third – up to 5 million dollars, to the fourth – up to 25 million dollars.

Damage from waves belonging to the fifth group exceeds $25 million. For example, the losses from the two strongest natural disasters, which took place in 2004 near Indonesia and in 2011 – in Japan, amounted to about 250 billion dollars. The environmental factor is also worth considering, since the waves that caused the death of 25,000 people damaged a nuclear power plant in Japan and caused an accident.

Disaster Identification Systems
Unfortunately, “killer waves” often occur so suddenly and at such high speeds that it is extremely difficult to detect their appearance, and therefore seismologists often fail to do their job.

For the most part, disaster warning systems are based on the processing of seismic data: if an earthquake is suspected to have a magnitude greater than seven, and its source will be on the ocean (sea) floor, then all countries that are at risk receive warnings that huge waves are approaching.

Unfortunately, the 2004 disaster happened because almost all of the nearby countries did not have an identification system. Even though about seven hours elapsed between the earthquake and the swell, the population was not warned of the approaching disaster.

To determine the presence of dangerous waves in the open ocean, scientists use special hydrostatic pressure sensors that transmit data to a satellite, which allows them to determine quite accurately the time of their arrival at a particular point.

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Tsunami waves almost never come one at a time. The first wave is followed by a second, and sometimes a third and a fourth. And the first wave is usually not the most powerful.
In addition to tsunamis, there is such a phenomenon as a killer wave. This is a single wave of enormous height, which may number tens of meters. Killer waves can occur even in calm weather, and their cause is the simultaneous coincidence of many factors. Scientists managed to generate such a wave in laboratory conditions, and that is how the mechanism of their occurrence was revealed.
About 80% of all tsunamis in the world are registered in the Pacific Ocean.

The first scientific description of this destructive natural phenomenon was made in 1576 in Lima, the Peruvian capital. A powerful earthquake then sent waves 25 m high over the coast and 10 km inland.
In 2004, there was an earthquake in the Indian Ocean that is considered the most powerful earthquake in history (along with the Great Chilean earthquake, a controversial point). Its victims were about 300.000 people, and almost all of them died or disappeared not as a result of the tremors but because of the waves they generated. This tsunami had the highest death toll of any tsunami.
The deeper it is, the faster the wave travels, but it remains low. On the shoal, its speed drops sharply, and its height, on the contrary, increases.

In the open ocean, the tsunami wave height rarely exceeds half a meter. On the other hand, it travels at speeds up to 700-900 km/h, i.e. over 200-250 meters per second.
A tsunami is always more destructive than any storm, even the strongest. That is because during a storm only the surface layers of the water move, and at a depth of several tens of meters the water is quite calm. But in the case of a tsunami, the entire water column is involved, from the bottom to the surface.

A tsunami wave in the open ocean can be up to several hundred kilometers long. But more often they are shorter, although who will say that 10-20 kilometers is not enough?
It can take about an hour between wave strikes. But the first strike is always followed by a second one, with few exceptions.
Near shore, a tsunami can be as high as 30-40 meters, which is comparable to the height of a building of 10-12 stories.
Underwater earthquakes cause about 85% of all recorded tsunamis worldwide.
The highest tsunami in history was recorded on July 9, 1958 in Alaska, in the narrow bay of Lituya. A landslide caused huge masses of soil and ice to crash into the water from a height of 1,100 meters, generating waves up to 90 meters high. And that’s just the height of the wave itself – hitting the slope of the bay, the tsunami wave rose to a height of 524 meters.

Tsunamis can occur not only in the oceans and seas, but also in river deltas, with landslides being the most common cause. It occurs particularly often in Indonesia, where river tsunamis up to 15-20 meters high are recorded quite often.
Artificial tsunami waves can be created by underwater nuclear explosions. Such experiments were already conducted, even before the prohibition of nuclear tests.
The farther the sea recedes from the shore, the higher the wave will be. This is the most visible sign of an approaching threat.
In 1952, there was a powerful earthquake in the Pacific Ocean 130 kilometers from Kamchatka. The resulting tsunami waves, which reached heights of 15-18 meters near the shore, actually destroyed the city of Severo-Kurilsk.
Since a tsunami usually consists of salt water, sea or ocean water, it can poison freshwater sources and groundwater with this salt, and cause significant environmental damage.

Coconut palms growing on shores, oddly enough, often survive the impact of a tsunami. These trees are tougher than they look.
The ancient Greek scholar Thucydides first suggested about 2,400 years ago that destructive waves from the ocean or sea were associated with earthquakes.
In 2011, it was the tsunami waves that caused the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. They reached heights of 40 meters.
A fall of a very large meteorite in the ocean can indeed cause a powerful tsunami, but it will only be dangerous if the impact occurs at a point no further than 25-30 km from the coast. Otherwise, the impact energy from a single point pulse will dissipate faster than the waves can reach the coast.
The maximum distance between tsunami waves generated by underwater earthquakes can reach 800-1000 km.

When approaching the shore, the speed of the wave drops to 80-100 km/h, i.e. reduces by 8-10 times.

The word “tsunami” comes from the Japanese language, and in the original consists of two characters. One means “wave”, and the other “bay” or “bay”.

Because the height of a tsunami in the open sea is usually very low, it is not capable of causing damage until it reaches the shallow waters. Therefore, ship crews may not even notice that they are walking on a wave that stretches for tens or hundreds of kilometers.
The rarest cause of a tsunami is a sudden change in the atmosphere. In about 5% of cases, volcanic eruptions are the cause, while another 7% are caused by landslides.

Water does not always recede from the shore when a tsunami approaches. If a wave has traveled a great distance and crossed the ocean beforehand, there may not be a sudden low tide.

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